Robinson, S.; Rapaport, J.; Durst, R.; Rosca, P.; Metzer, S.; and Zilberman, L. (1990). “The    Late Effects of Nazi Persecution among Elderly Holocaust Survivors”. Journal of         Psychiatry, 82, pp. 311-315

This study explores the effects of Nazi persecution among Holocaust Survivors. It includes interviews with some eight-six Holocaust survivors during their experience at death camps. More than this, the research takes a look at the experiences of the survivors after the war and how the persecution has affected them mentally and emotionally. The study found that despite of the extreme mental suffering, the interviewed survivors succeeded in adjusting and coping. This includes leading a relatively normal and productive life despite of the traumatizing experience.

Orwid, M.; Domagalska, K.; and Pietruszewski, K. (1994). “Psychosocial Effects of Holocaust        on Jewish Survivors Living in Poland”. Psychiatric Poland, 27, pp. 91-111

This study involves the interview of twenty-six Holocaust survivors, particularly those who lived in Poland at that time. The interview was conducted in order for the researchers to see the difference between Jewish survivors with Polish inmates of concentration camps. Findings of the study showed that the survivors had similar symptoms of PTSD. In the same way, the two groups also displayed the tendency to set up a family right after the end of the war. Findings show that this tendency to start a family among survivors provided them with the support and security they need to help them cope with the traumatic effects of the Holocaust. However, the study also found that these two groups also displayed overly protective attitudes towards their children.

Kleber, R.; and Danny B. (1992). Coping with Trauma: Theory, Prevention, and Treatment.       Amsterdam: Swet and Zeitlinger

This book explores trauma in general and how it affects survivors of a catastrophic or horrifying event. Part of this book includes a discussion on Holocaust survivors and how the event altered them physically, mentally, and emotionally. Alternately, the book enumerates and explains the various effects of the event among Holocaust survivors.

Chodoff, P. (1997). “The Holocaust and Its Effects on Survivors: An Overview”. Political          Psychology, 18, pp. 147-155

One of the main arguments of this study is that the Nazi Holocaust has a continuing and reverberating consequences on the survivor. It includes personal and detailed account of an Auschwitz survivor and how his experience in the concentration camp has a profound effect on his psychiatric and psychological health. The study similarly delves into PTSD and its indirect effects not only on the survivor but in his family as well.

Friedman, M. (2017). “PTSD History and Overview”. National Center for PTSD.             https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/ptsd-overview/ptsd-overview.asp

This article looks provides an overview of PTSD. It particularly gives a description and list of symptoms of this disorder based on the studies of American Pyschiatric Association (APA). It alternately provides information regarding the different types of trauma, including traumas caused by violence and war.

Kellermann, N. (1999). “Diagnosis of Holocaust Survivor and their Children”. Journal of         Psychiatry, 36, pp. 55-64

This study looks at the effects of Holocaust among survivors. The study mainly focused on comparing the effects of grave events such as the Holocaust with minor trauma. Findings of this study show that many of the Holocaust survivors displayed chronic PTSD. Child survivors, in particular, showed PTSD associated with personality disorder and identity problems.

Barak, Y. and Henry, S. (2000). “Life long post-traumatic stress disorder: Evidence from aging

Holocaust Survivors”. Clinical Neuroscience, 2 pp. 57-62

This research takes a look at the PTSD symptoms of Holocaust survivors during their senior years. This study found that many survivors’ traumatic symptoms re-activated upon reaching their senior years. Some of the symptoms includes recurring nightmare, depression, and anxiety. Despite of the reactivation, study also found that survivors preserved their functioning as well as displayed excellent coping tendencies.

Kuch, K. and Cox B. (1992). “Symptoms of PTSD in 124 survivors of the Holocaust”.             American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, pp. 337-340

This study examines the PTSD symptoms among Holocaust survivors. Studies found that among the 124 interviewed participants, about sixty-three percent of the population displayed symptoms of PTSD. Some of their most common symptoms include sleep disturbances and intense distress.